Urinary biomarkers for active Lupus Nephritis that have survived independent validation across cohorts

Most reported biomarkers for lupus nephritis (LN) have not been independently validated across cohorts. Moreover, many of the documented biomarker candidates have been reported to be elevated in LN compared to healthy controls. However, biomarkers that distinguish patients with active LN (ALN) from inactive systemic lupus erythematosus (iSLE) hold significant clinical utility. Hence, our review attempts to identify urine protein biomarkers for LN that have been independently validated across two or more cohorts and exhibit good diagnostic potential for distinguishing ALN from iSLE.